G: intro Project
P: Hi, I am a young professional who works in the agricultural sector and at the moment I carry out two pilot projects: I have a heliciculture plant (snail breeding for food and cosmetic purposes) and another one for earthworm farming (production of earthworm humus / fertilizer totally natural thanks to earthworms). I'm planning a third project for the production of microalgae: a myriad of primordial forms of life present in almost all environments on earth. The potential applications of algae are many: food (highly protein),fuel oils, bioplastics, medical polymers. At the moment the study is aimed at finding a real economic sustainability of the project.
N: Hi, I'm Nicolò and I'm finishing my studies in medicine and being a very curious person I work in sectors hybridized with the medical field. I deal with technology applied to the artistic field through theuse of sensors that measure heart rate, encephalograms and other vital activity detectors. I am interested in the effects of climate change on humans because there are numerous findings of these in the spread of diseases and behavioral changes in humans that deserve to be studied.
D: Paolo you carry on a farm of earthworms, for Aristotle they were "the bowels of the earth", Charles Darwin considered them so important that he dedicated a treatise to them. To ensure the permanence of these fantastic worms in the earth it is necessary to maintain a constant level of humidity in the soil. Are there any problems in our latitudes in managing their vital habitat during the summer period?
P: Yes, the ideal environment must have a humidity level of at least 90%. Summer is by far the most difficult period to manage. To do this we cover the litter with three layers of sheets (from the bottom to the top: jute, shading sheet and finally a mulching sheet). Compared to the beginning in which we used only one layer of sheets, we are achieving excellent results. The ideal would be to build a greenhouse to control the environment and optimize the use of the water needed to wet the sheets.
D: You can therefore confirm that without water it is not possible to raise earthworms and therefore produce soil, to be clear the most superficial layer of the earth in which trees have their roots and on which man produces his food and builds. their own shelters.
P: I can simply tell you that if there are earthworms in the ground this is a guarantee of life and an excellent state of well-being of the soil in question!
D: Considering the future catastrophic scenarios that scientists offer us, such as having to face large water emergencies with prolonged periods of drought, do you think this economic activity in our Murgia area can survive?
P: Water is essential! This activity cannot be carried out in a extreme dry climate, the soil needs moisture to form! In the future that you are envisioning, it could be avoided by means of water use optimization systems: the use of certain sprinklers (such as drip irrigation systems) rather than others, the collection of rainwater (when it rains) or water present in the atmosphere. Basically this is not an activity that requires large quantities of water and I think that earthworm farming is an activity that should be strongly encouraged especially in this historical moment. In the last half of the century, the use of chemical fertilizers has definitely compromised the health of many of our fields and it is necessary to produce a natural, highly nutritious fertilizer in line with the balance of the earth! The chemical fertilizers used in recent decades have drastically depleted the amount of organic matter present in the soil and the use of worm compost for a medium / long period would exponentially reinvigorate the soil making it much more productive and "healthy".
D: I would like to reflect with you about the current scenario linked to our territory in which the monoculture of olive trees is in force. An uneconomic production model has been chosen, the basis for a good investment is "diversifying", this production dynamic has always been present in nature. In order for there to be life in a forest, in a stream, in a meadow, different organisms and different types of life must be joined. If the climatic-environmental scenarios were to change, would we be able to adapt to them? Could we continue our favorite monoculture?
P: It would be a really big problem if the climate scenarios were to change, even lower levels of rain would cause significant problems for the whole sector. A contemporary scenario in which the entire sector is slowly collapsing is that relating to the production of almonds in California. To increase the irrigation supply to the fields, the aquifers have been over-exploited without giving them the time to accumulate the equivalent subtracted through the rains and underground springs. Today the production of Californian almonds is in crisis due to an error generated by the greed of man emphasized by the new climatic scenarios.
D: How do you think the approach to agriculture can evolve in the medium to long term? What actions and precautions have you personally decided to take?
P: I think that an important role in agriculture is played by more than farmers and consumers. They are the only ones who can bring about a change of pace in production methods and in the approach to the Earth. Just think of the advent of organic products that began in the 90's. Advent certainly sponsored by technical figures but then it was consumers who gave it value! Anyone who produces a consumer good must have a feedback in the market otherwise he is bound to succumb. The farmer can be extremely virtuous but if the product he grows is not given the real value due to the work, investments and risk he has taken on then he either adapts to the standards of his competitors or "dies". It is the conscience of the community that guides the manufacturer's approach!
D: With what behavior could our Murgian community relate to the rural environment, aware of the onset of climate change?
P: Surely information is needed to form a collective conscience. Speaking of communities, it is therefore necessary to address politics and local administrations. It is a game in symbiosis between a conscious consumer, able to choose what to eat, and a farsighted policy that is truly attentive to local and international needs. For example, it makes no sense to sign international agreements to export wheat from Canada, produced with exclusively chemical methods under the snow cover, and to demand extreme rigor in the production methods from Italian farmers! The local or international agricultural sphere cannot be seen only as a piece of a larger puzzle in which it has no real value.
D: As a young farmer who lives and works in the Murgia-Ruvese area, do you notice the sensitivity on the part of the administrations to aspects of agriculture and climate change?
P: It cannot be denied that we are working at a European level, for example there is the Green New Deal that is starting to draw very interesting scenarios, in recent years we are talking about agriculture 4.0 in which technology is put at the service of agriculture , and there are economic incentives to increase the use of technological devices for agricultural use. The use of these new technologies might seem to remove agriculture from nature, in reality it seeks to emphasize cyclical events and optimize consumption, in nature there is no waste.
D: The use of technology in support of man therefore seems necessary. Nicolò, how do you think climate change can affect human life? What relationship could technology have in such a future scenario?
N: Thinking about how man has progressed it can be said that the great revolutions of the past have always been linked to technology, just think that the advent of agriculture was possible thanks to the use of technological tools such as the plow or the metal share. So it is evident that technology has always helped man.
Medicine is also a form of technology: human ingenuity is used to try to improve the fate of an unpleasant physical situation, the goal of medicine is to improve the quality of life.
With the worsening of the effects of climate change, medicine is undergoing changes that show which are the areas in which the human being needs to be supported the most. In support of these changes, I can quote you a report from LANCET magazine of December 2018 entitled "the LANCET countdown" in which the current problems were identified and outlined the future scenarios on which to intervene. In future scenarios, "measurement" is included, intended as a monitoring activity for the iterative activities that man carries out during the day. An example of a measurement study is the one relating to hours of working productivity called "the heat shield" which suggests concentrating the activity in cooler hours or using clothes that better dissipate heat whose ultimate goal is to reach a state of well-being and a better performing work performance.
Another "measuring" activity to which attention is paid is the ability of the health system to react to sudden and catastrophic events and natural disasters caused by sudden climate change. It is necessary to measure the response to the catastrophic event because these are increasingly occurring in places where they did not occur in the past and which are therefore potentially unprepared to face them. In America there is a specialization in Traumatology precisely because for them the occurrence of events such as hurricanes, tornadoes and storms is common, in Europe, especially in the Mediterranean basin we are not used to the recurring occurrence of these events and therefore this medical specialization is not is present in university studies; there is a specialization in Hygiene and Preventive Medicine which deals in part with events related to natural disasters but particularly deals with the topic of the prevention of deaths at work. Technology related to medicine in relation to climate change is therefore linked more than anything else to the development of measurement instruments.
D: In your opinion, considering agriculture and medicine as two areas related to technology in the most literal sense of the term, do we now have the skills to respond quickly to a sudden climate change?
N: Looking at the past scenarios in which we faced epidemics that had global repercussions, and also considering the last epidemic we are experiencing, COVID 19, we note how these are always linked to a state of change in human life on Earth. . COVID is partly an effect of human presence on the planet because it is caused by a mixture of different species that has generated the Spillover with the consequent birth of a new variant of COVID. Anthropogenic activities such as intensive farming have created other bacterial viral strains that have caused other epidemics in the fairly near past, the most famous being avian, swine and Ebola fever. It is the interaction of humans with production animals that generates these new virus cocktails, just think of the banal flu that affects us every year, generally this is caused by a cocktail of viruses between humans and birds or pigs. . Another disease that is directly linked to anthropogenic activity such as deforestation is Lyme syndrome: by cutting down portions of the forest the birds move on wider areas and being these natural reservoirs of the virus, they encounter insects that live in the pastures that finally man causing him this disease for which before he died and for which now he must undergo a therapy for life. In the past, humans responded by using antibiotics but today this technique of dealing with the problem is exhausted, but today the field of vaccines is rapidly developing. In conclusion, I think that man has the possibility of a quick reaction to the prospect of new scenarios induced by climate change.
P: In the last two or three years the Murgia area faced unexpected atmospheric events for duration and intensity such as severe frosts and hailstorms that have eliminated entire productions, but in truth if you want to live you have to adapt, so agriculture is also adapted to new situation to face. For example, if Puglia became a region with a tropical climate, could we still continue to grow olive trees? I do not think so. But surely we would find a solution, an alternative to traditional crops, for example there are realities in the province of Taranto and Salento that are starting to grow tropical fruit such as mango and avocado. Certainly it goes against what is the local tradition, but it is a way to respond to a need and adapt.
I believe that through technology man could delay or stem the effects of climate change, the truth is that more radical change is needed, it is necessary to question how we are behaving on this planet. Personally I am very pessimistic if I were to have a long-term view. There are alternatives but it seems we don't want to choose an alternative way of life. Aware of the future scenarios we are facing, I see that moving to large urban centers is increasingly encouraged, with the related problems that derive from it for the quality and perception of life. Starting a reverse process: from the large metropolis to the small community, it would be good for the planet. Nowadays it seems almost a utopia, a beautiful fairy tale moving to live in smaller towns or in the countryside.
G: Could undertaking a process of urban "decentralization" therefore be a life solution for the future?
P: From my point of view absolutely yes! It would be a big step forward in terms of sustainability!
N: Surely it would have positive sides, let's remember that man has joined together to have easier access to resources, in the medical field we talk about Safety which would be the quality of life and Security is access to resources. This position should be reviewed, certainly there would be fewer respiratory diseases due to pollution.
G: in your experiences do you have a perception of the climate changes taking place?
N: Preventive medicine today in Italy is starting to appreciate, once it was unimaginable that an Office of Prevention and Hygiene would tell about white deaths from heat, in the past this was not a problem that existed. Today, due to pollution, we have an ever-increasing number of respiratory diseases or an increase in tumors, melanomas…. There is a global index that measures vulnerability to heat and this unfortunately increases with increasing global temperature. The curve of this index is rising rapidly.
P: In everyday life, perceptions of climate change are mainly due to the mass media reporting news about it. I do not deny, however, that interfacing with older farmers who have always done this job and asking them if it was usual in our part in the past that for two or three months it didn't rain at all, their answer was a sharp "yes!" Puglia has never been a lucky region compared to others in southern Italy such as Calabria and Basilicata which have completely different landscape and orographic scenarios.
G: You both showed us key elements to face climate change scenarios such as: the earthworm, the virus, the politician, the community, the technology… Could you suggest us key elements of the change?
P: I could use the metaphor of hydroponic agriculture in which we have a closed cycle of resource optimization and product maximization, for me it is possible to self-sustain small communities that would reduce the impact on the Earth. Certainly it is necessary to make some sacrifices at first but that with the help of technology could excellent results. For example, I think of the reuse of production waste, an easy example to grasp could be a factory that cans gherkins, rather than throwing the water used to treat the products, it could reuse it in the irrigation circuit of a plant. It is technological progress and politics that allow these actions.
G: Thank you… .Closure